MEASURING TIME

We use different units of measurement:

• Shorts periods of time: a day, a week, a month and a year.
• Long periods of time: a decade (ten years), a century (a hundred years) or a millennium (a thousand years).

THE HISTORY OF YOUR CITY, TOWN OR VILLAGE

The history of your city is the story of the people who lived there before you.
Historians look for historical records to find out what people and places were like in the past.
Historical records can be:

• Written: books.
• Pictorial: paintings.
• Physical: objects, buildings.

Book

Pot

Coin

Painting

Castle.

YOUR PERSONAL HISTORY

The most important moments of your life make up your personal history.
To find out about your personal history:

• Look at old photographs or videos.
• Find toys or books you had when you were young.
• Listen to stories your family tells you.

I was born...

My first step was...

My first word was...

My favourite toy was...

My birthdate is...

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

The past is what happened before now.
The present is what is happening now.
The future is what will happen later.

Photo from Metacentricities

FAMILY HISTORY & NOW AND THEN

FAMILY HISTORY:
Everyone has a family history.
Your history is a part of your life.
You can find out about your family history from old photographs and old objects.

NOW AND THEN:
Landscapes, objects and activities change with time.
Many years ago, the things around us were different.

UNIT 14 TEST: LOCAL GOVERNMENT

CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL SERVICES

Cultural services are responsible for municipal libraries and museums and town festivals.
Recreational services are responsible for taking care of municipal sports centres and swimming pools.

Library.

Museum.

Madrid Festivals.

Sports centre.

Swimming pool.

TOWN PLANNING AND HIGHWAY SERVICES

Town planning services regulate the construction industry, so that buildings are safe and carefully designed.
Highway services are responsible for maintaining and repairing road signs and traffic signals so we can drive safely.

Buildings inspection.

SANITATION SERVICES

Sanitation services keep cities clean:
They include:

• Water: This service makes sure we have clean, fresh water and clean sewers.
• Cleaning: Rubbish collectors and street cleaners.
• Street lighting.
• Parks conservation: Gardeners.

Fresh water.

Sewers.

NY sewer. Picture from Edward F Palm.

London street lightning.

London city gardeners.

POLICE AND FIRE SERVICES

The local police are responsible for:

• Protecting people.
• Keeping the streets safe.
• Arresting criminals.

The fire service helps save lives and property by:

• Preventing and putting out fires.
• Helping people when there are disasters, such as floods or fires.

London police.

Madrid local police.

London firefighters.

Madrid firefighters.

FOOD HYGIENE INSPECTION SERVICES

Food hygiene inspection services check that the food we buy is safe to eat.
Inspectors visit the local food shops.
Food safety regulations affect everyone who works in the food business.
Food hygiene inspectors make sure that:

• Shops, restaurants and markets are clean.
• Food handlers have good personal hygiene.

Food hygiene rules.

Food hygiene inspection.

Food hygiene inspection.

LOCAL ELECTIONS

Every four years citizens elect local councillors.
The candidates present an election manifesto to explain what they will do if they are elected.
After the elections, the new local councillors elect one of their members to be the mayor.
You must be 18 years old to vote in local elections.

Candidates.

Election manifesto.

Vote!

LOCAL COUNCILS

The mayor and the local councillors make up the local council.

• The mayor is the head of the local council.
• The local council organises municipal services.

The mayor and the councillors make decisions and communicate them to the people.

Boris Johnson, London Mayor

London Assembly (local council)

Ana Botella, Madrid Mayor

Madrid Assembly (local council)

WHAT DO LOCAL COUNCILS DO?

In each city or town, the local council meets in the town hall.
It organises the municipal services:

• Schools.
• Hospitals.
• Street lighting.
• The police.
• Firefighting.
• Rubbish collection.

Town Hall, Madrid.

Street lighting.

Police.

Firefighters.

Rubbish collection.

NEIGHBOURHOOD & THE LOCAL COUNCIL

NEIGHBOURHOOD
Your neighbourhood is the part of the town or city where you live.
People in the town hall work to take care of it.

THE LOCAL COUNCIL
Every town and city has a town hall building where the local council works.
The mayor and councillors make up the local council.
They are responsible for organising municipal services.

UNIT 13 TEST: WORK AND SERVICES

COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES

Telephones, radios and television use communication satellites to send and receive sound and images.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

There are two types of communication: personal and the media.

• We use personal or individual communication to send information to a few people.
• The media sends information to many people at the same time.

The media.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

We send information from one place to another using means of communication.

TRANSPORT NETWORKS

Means of transport are organised into transport networks.

• Trains travel on railway tracks. They leave from railway stations.
• Cars, lorries and buses travel or roads and motorways.
• Aeroplanes travel along flight paths. They take off and land from airports.
• Ships travel along sea routes. They leave from seaports.

Motorways in England

England rail map.

Manchester flight routes.

England sea routes.